Major Problems which Pakistan facing today
Introduction
Pakistan was established in 1947 and since its inception, it has been surrounded by countless issues which all are very dangerous for its survival. Everyone is facing many hardships and difficulties.If we look at the problems of our society then there is a long list of problems but some basic problems are discussed here to know about the main issues of our society. In the following text we will shed some light on some of the major problems faced today by Pakistan as a country
1. TERRORISM
CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM
1. Deliberate Planning
2. Create Fear & Terror
3. Hit the Target
4. Infuse Uncertainty & Anxiety 5. Achievement of Interest & Objective
6. No Limited Boundaries
2. Create Fear & Terror
3. Hit the Target
4. Infuse Uncertainty & Anxiety 5. Achievement of Interest & Objective
6. No Limited Boundaries
HISTORY OF TERRORISM
GOALS AND MOTIVATIONS OF TERRORISM
TYPES OF TERRORISM
• Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community.
• Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.
FACTORS OF TERRORISM
IMPACT OF TERRORISM
MEASURES OF TERRORISM
4. Literacy
5. Alleviation of Poverty6. Role of International & Regional Organizations7. Policy of Dialogue & Political Engagement8. Restoration of Writ of State9. Combating Religious Militancy10. National Consensus11. Effective National Security Strategy12. Global Cooperation
5.Judiciary System
11.Law and Order
12.Privatization
14. Political Instability
5. Alleviation of Poverty6. Role of International & Regional Organizations7. Policy of Dialogue & Political Engagement8. Restoration of Writ of State9. Combating Religious Militancy10. National Consensus11. Effective National Security Strategy12. Global Cooperation
Terrorism refers only to those violent acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of civilians.
Terrorism is not new, and even though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history it can be relatively hard to define. Terrorism has been described variously as both a tactic and strategy; a crime and a holy duty; a justified reaction to oppression and an inexcusable abomination. Obviously, a lot depends on whose point of view is being represented. Terrorism has often been an effective tactic for the weaker side in a conflict. As an asymmetric form of conflict, it confers coercive power with many of the advantages of military force at a fraction of the cost. Due to the secretive nature and small size of terrorist organizations, they often offer opponents no clear organization to defend against or to deter.
Terrorism is a criminal act that influences an audience beyond the immediate victim. The strategy of terrorists is to commit acts of violence that .draws the attention of the local populace, the government, and the world to their cause. The terrorists plan their attack to obtain the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.
Terrorist acts or the threat of such action have been in existence for millennia. Despite having a history longer than the modern nation-state, the use of terror by governments and those that contest their power remains poorly understood. While the meaning of the word terror itself is clear, when it is applied to acts and actors in the real world it becomes confused. Part of this is due to the use of terror tactics by actors at all levels in the social and political environment.
Ideology and motivation will influence the objectives of terrorist operations, especially regarding the casualty rate. Groups with secular ideologies and non-religious goals will often attempt highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve a specific political aim. This often requires them to keep casualties at the minimum amount necessary to attain the objective. This is both to avoid a backlash that might severely damage the organization, and also maintain the appearance of a rational group that has legitimate grievances. By limiting their attacks they reduce the risk of undermining external political and economic support. Groups that comprise a "wing" of an insurgency, or are affiliated with aboveground, sometimes legitimate, political organizations often operate under these constraints. The tensions caused by balancing these considerations are often a prime factor in the development of splinter groups and internal factions within these organizations. In contrast, religiously oriented and millenarian groups typically attempt to inflict as many casualties as possible. Because of the apocalyptic frame of reference they use, loss of life is irrelevant, and more casualties are better. Losses among their co-religionists are of little account, because such casualties will reap the benefits of the afterlife.
The intents of terrorism are:
• Produce widespread fear
• Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention of the media
• Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the government overreacts and appears repressive
• Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the operation of their group
• Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide for and protect its citizens
• Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the target country’s economy and support of the government in power
• Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions
• Free prisoners
• Satisfy vengeance
• Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local populace in rural areas
Researchers have classified terrorism into six categories.
• Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”
• Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different.
• Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state.
• Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy.
Terrorism is the threat or use of violence against civilians to draw attention to an issue. Why do some people commit terrorist acts? Personal psychology? Religious fervor? Ideological commitment? Among the multitude of causes that may lead a person to resort to terrorism, there is none that conclusively links a sole cause to the act. Ethnicity, nationalism/separatism, poverty and economic disadvantage, globalization, (non)democracy, Western society, disaffected intelligentsia, dehumanization, and religion all have arguments confirming a possible existing link, as well reservations against a causal relation.
Factors Of Terrorism
Some of major factors are given below:
1. Extreme Poverty
2. Unequal Distribution of Resources
3. Economic Exploitation
4. Over-Population
5. Illiteracy
6. Unemployment
7. Extremism & Sectarianism
8. Imbalance Opportunity Structure
9. Weak Social Bonds
10. Political Instability
11. Deprivation of Fundamental Rights
12. Institutional Evasions
13. Anathema of Social Injustice
14. Vicegral Political Dispensation
15. Social Imbalance & Regional Disparities
16. Proliferation of Weapon of Mass Destruction
17. Impact of Proxy War of Afghanistan (1979-1989)
18. Policies Against Islamic Revolution of Iran (1979)
19. Political Insurgency
Impacts of Terrorism
Terrorism has occurred throughout history, but today the world is experiencing a global rebirth of attacks. Today it no longer affects only small societies, such as isolated third world countries who fell victim to regular terrorist attacks, but the whole world is becoming more familiar with Arab and Muslim names. The terrorist violence that is on the rise today has informed citizen all over the world about different types of terrorism. Also with the resurgence the world is experiencing of terrorism, the Nation's have been to do what they can to eliminate terrorism.
Terrorists attempt not only to create panic but also to weaken confidence in the government and the political leadership of the target country. Terrorism therefore is designed to have psychological effects that reach farther beyond the impact on the immediate victims of an attack. Terrorists mean to frighten and therefore scare a wider crowd, such as a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country and its political control, or the entire international community. Terrorist groups are generally small and have few members, limited firepower, and other resources. For this reason they rely on intense bloody and destructive acts of hit-and-run violence to attract attention to their group and their cause. Through the media they are able to create a larger voice for themselves and create hostilities among people.
The very flexibility and adaptability of terror throughout the years has contributed to the confusion. Those seeking to disrupt, reorder or destroy the status quo have continuously sought new and creative ways to achieve their goals. Changes in the tactics and techniques of terrorists have been significant, but even more significant are the growth in the number of causes and social contexts where terrorism is used.
Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a group of people or a nation. Typically, nationalists share a common ethnic background and wish to establish or regain a homeland.
Religious extremists often reject the authority of secular governments and view legal systems that are not based on their religious beliefs as illegitimate. They often view modernization efforts as corrupting influences on traditional culture.
Special interest groups include people on the radical fringe of many legitimate causes; e.g., people who use terrorism to uphold antiabortion views, animal rights, radical environmentalism. These groups believe that violence is morally justifiable to achieve their goals.
Some of major impacts are given below:
1. Social Ferment & Confusion
2. Mass Killing & Destitute
3. Economic Setbacks
4. National Image & Identity
5. Atmosphere of Uncertainty & Anxiety
6. Deterioration of Law & Order
7. Trust Deficit
8. Social Intolerance
9. Curse of Human Rights Violations
10. Endangering Integrity of the Country
11. Racial Discrimination
12. General Sense of Vandalism
13. Social Isolation
14. Suicide Bombing: A MASS Hysteria
15. Radicalization of Certain Segments of Society
Measure of Terrorism
Terrorism has been a subject of concern worldwide. People feel helpless when they start pondering on how to control it. There always seems a need for more arms and weapons to fight it, a need for more budgets and complex plans, armies and trained people to combat it.
It is true that you create your own reality. You bring into your experience what you think about the most. So it is logical that we must think about what we want instead of what we don't. Controlling terrorism then becomes very simple- Firstly- ask 'how to create peace?' instead of 'how to control terrorism?'. When you ask "how to create peace?" you put your focus on peace and that becomes your field of attention rather than 'terror or terrorism'.
1. Uniform Opportunity Mechanism
2. Employment
3. Role of Mass Media
13. Atmosphere of Strategic Reconciliation
14. Choking Supplies of Financial Oxygen
15. development Based on Equality & Justice
16. Differentiating Myth from reality
2. Poverty
The word poverty derived from Latin word “pauper” means “poor”. Poverty refers to the condition of not having the means to afford basic human needs such as clean water, nutrition, health care, clothing and shelter. Poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty is one of the major social problems which Pakistan is facing. It is one of the most important and sensitive issue not only for Pakistan but for the whole world. Poverty can cause other social problems like theft, bribe, corruption, adultery, lawlessness, injustice etc.It is the fundamental duty and responsibility of the country to fulfill the basic needs of its people. Basic needs of man comprises of shelter, food and clothing. When these needs are not fulfilled they bring about problems termed as socio-economic problems. Pakistan has also been suffering from these problems. The real issue is not the presence of these problems in the society. But the extent to which they are being paid attention and solved. When these problems are not met timely the results in the form of deviant behavior, drug abuse, smuggling, corruption, poverty, illiteracy and many other social evils.
Definition
A situation in which a person or household lacks the resources necessary to be able to consume a certain minimum basket of goods. The basket consists either of food, clothing, housing and other essentials (moderate poverty) or of food alone (extreme poverty).The most common method used to define poverty is income-based.
According to Homer
“This is misery! The last, the worst that man can feel”.
According Jean Guenon
“He is poor who doesn't have enough; he is poorer who cannot get enough".“A person is considered poor if his or her income level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs. This minimum level is usually called the poverty line”.International Organizations Reports about poverty in Pakistan
• UNDP (United Nations Development Program) Report
According to a UNDP report, 65.5 percent population of Pakistan earns less than 2$ per day.
• SPDC (Social Policy Development Centre) Report
According to the SPDC, 88 percent of Baluchistan’s population, 51 percent of NWFP, 21 percent of Sindh and 25 percent of Punjab’s population is prey to poverty and deprivation.
• World Bank Report
According to the 2011 statistics of the World Bank, due to the global financial recession poverty ratio is increased especially of USA and the EU countries have pushed millions of people around the world into deeper poverty. Almost 40% of 107 developing countries are highly exposed to the poverty. Pakistan is ranked among the 43 countries who are most exposed to poverty.
• Asian Development Bank Report
According to the ADB report, poverty is spreading in Pakistan due to the rising population, Pakistan’s internal situation, agriculture backwardness, unequal income distribution, defiance expenditure, and increase in utility charges and rise in unproductive activities.
• Pakistan’s Planning Commission Report
Pakistan’s Planning Commission (2011), poverty rate has jumped from 23.9 to 37.5 percent in the last three years. The commission has estimated that in 2007 there were 35.5 million people living below the poverty line but in 2010 their number increased to over 64 million.
Causes of Poverty
It is difficult to point out all causes of poverty in Pakistan but the major causes of are given below:
1. Government Policies
2. Education
3. Overpopulation
4. Unemployment
5.Judiciary System
Justice delayed is justice denied. Timely justice is the core value of a welfare society. It is the duty of the state to promote justice. But in the case of Pakistan it has always been a day dream for the poor masses. Since the independence judiciary has been in prison at the hands of establishment. Weak judiciary has been unable to redress the grievances of the masses. Under such conditions people choice to violent actions and resolve their issues by extreme methods.
6. Poor governance
Owing to poor governance, the government is losing control over law and order situation. When individuals put themselves in front of institutions, they set a bad example. Suicide attacks, target killing, robbery and other crimes have become norm of the day. And government seems helpless in this regard.
7. Corruption
In 1996, transparency international a Berlin based civil society organization, rated Pakistan as the second most corrupt country in the world. The report TI was a source of great shame for Pakistan was it not shattered the country’s image but also discouraged foreign donors to support Pakistan in its developmental projects. When the culture of greed resulting into taking commission from foreign companies and agencies deepened, the trust and confidence of the world diminished. According to TI’s national corruption perception NCP Survey 2010 there occurs widespread corruption in Pakistan from 195 billion rupees in 2009 to 223 billion rupees in 2010.
8. Division of Agricultural Land
9. Materialism
11.Law and Order
12.Privatization
Government is unable to manage the departments and country has low reserve assets. So the meet the requirements some companies run by government are sold to foreign investors. The commodities or services provided by the companies are becoming costly. For example if government sold a gas plant then prices for gas in country rises.
13. Moral Culture
14. Political Instability
In this long period many government changed but unfortunately they all could not
ConclusionGovernment is not well aware of present conditions of country. The policies of government are based on the suggestions of officials which do not have awareness about the problems of a common man. After implementation of the policies do not get effective result. After the failure of one policy, government does not consider its failure and announces another policy without studying the aftermaths of last one. Heavy taxes and unemployment crushes the people and they are forced to live below poverty line. The suitable medical facilities are not provided to people and they are forced to get treatment for private clinics which are too costly.
Education sector plays a very vital role in the progress of any country. Unfortunately, the condition of education sector in Pakistan is very miserable. The lack of quality education our country is unable of dealing with the challenges of the 21st century. Due to poverty people are unable to afford quality education for their children. In addition, government’s negligence is frustrating the situation further. Even though various steps taken by different governments for the promotion of education, literacy rate lingers at 56% over the decade. Owing to low investment, government run schools are poor of basic facilities like proper classrooms, water and sanitation facilities, electricity. Private sector is doing an admirable job in this regard. But the money making objective of this sector, education has been beyond poor’s reach. The primary completion rate in Pakistan given by UNESCO is 33.8 % in females and 47% in males, which shows that people in the 6th largest country of the world are unable to get the basic education.
Pakistan is facing the dragon of overpopulation. The growth rate of Pakistan is very high and is among the highest in the world. Since 1947, the population has become more than triple. Pakistan is almost touching 180 million marks. Population expansion has been a real issue of concern for all governments. With limited resources it is very difficult to control the growing population. There is a great economic disparity among the people. Poor are committing suicides out of hunger while rich are busy in buildup more and more wealth. These social problems directly affect the masses. The massively increasing population has almost outstripped the resources in production, facilities and in job opportunities.
Pakistan is poorly faced with the problem of unemployment. The existing unemployment rate is 15%. Thousands of young doctors, engineers and other educated people are out of job. There are no opportunities for youth to utilize their capabilities or abilities in right direction. Pakistan is facing the problem of brain drain due to unemployment because we are unable to utilize their precious hands in the progress of the country. The most horrible part is that it is rising every year it will show to be risky for the economy of Pakistan. It has negative impact on society. It creates frustration and revengeful attitude. It leads to an increase in the incidences of crimes.
Corruption has become a major threat to Pakistani society because of four important reasons. First, the image of Pakistan has enormously suffered in the past few decades or so as the corrupt practices while awarding contracts, the launching of foreign funded projects and money laundering done by high level officials earned a bad name for the country.Some of the most corrupt institutions and areas in Pakistan identified by TI are: police, power sector, land administration, communications, education, local government, judiciary, health, taxation and custom. According to TI’s survey, there has taken place manifold increase in corruption in the present government than the previous one. Neither foreign national nor over-seas Pakistanis who may be interested in investing in this country are simply discouraged when they encounter large-scale corruption in the shape of bribery and kickbacks.
Pakistan is an agricultural country. Most of people are farmers by profession. One has land which is fulfilling the needs of his family but he has to divide the land into his children when they got young. After division the land is not sufficient to support a family. Now the families of his children are suffering and spending their lives below poverty line.
In our society social bonding are gradually becomes thinner and thinner. A race of material object has been started even no one tried to understand the problems of others. Everyone is gradually changing from human to a bioman which only know about his needs and have no concept about the limitations of others. People are not ready to help each other. At last everyone has lost his trust on others which affect our social and economic system and it is another cause of poverty.
There are lot of problems regarding law and order. Terrorist attacks create uncertainty.
Fluctuated Foreign investment
Fluctuated Foreign investment
Foreign investor comes to local markets. They invest millions of dollars in stock markets and stock market gets rise in index. Then the investor withdraws his money with profit and market suddenly collapses. The after math always is faced by poor people.
The main reason for poverty is the social dishonesty and irresponsible behavior of people. Everyone is trying to get rich by using unfair means. A shop keeper is ready to get whole money from the pocket of customer. People doing jobs are not performing their duties well. In society the man considered brave or respectful who do not pay taxes or continuously violate the laws. This irresponsible behavior continuously increases and produces loss for county.
Pakistan has been facing political crisis from its birth (1947) till now. From 1947 to 2010,Maintain the political environment stable, after ruling 1, 2 or three year that governments politically instable. Political instability is a situation when the uncertainty among the government structure expand due to some basic causes and it eventually end up the current government1. Army’s frequent interventions have never given democracy a fair chance to flourish in our country. Our political leaders are also responsible for this predicament. They have always tried to achieve their vested interests in the garb of politics. They have never respected the norms of democracy. Judiciary has also been the victim of such political instability. That’s why; our country has failed to develop healthy political institutions, a lasting democracy and impartial judiciary.
Solutions/Remedies to Overcome the Poverty in Pakistan
Policies regarding poverty reduction Marshaled by different government could not calculate the desire results. Crudely speaking, this is the gravest problem being faced by Pakistani nation, if not handled with diligent care and implicit faith, will swell and devour the entire mechanism of the state. For a welfare state to get stronger, policies as regards development of poor strata should be the top of the checklist’s behold a time when we shall be steadily hauling our downtrodden economy towards heights, provided that we chalk out such policies that not only project the welfare of effected spots but also transpose their outlook .I propose following measures for extermination of this menace
1.Promote industrialization
2.Replacement of the traditional agricultural equipment with new scientific equipments in order to increase the yield.
3. Establishment of justice and equality
4. Equal distribution of resources
5. Merit should be the upshot strategy in all walks of life
6. Elimination of discriminatory policies
7. Controlling of inflation and other economic indicators and regulators.
8. Developing investment friendly environment
9.Giving more feasibilities and concessions to the foreign investors
10.Dumping extremism and feudalism
11.Establishing more and more technical institute in order to get people well skilled.
12. Prevalence of education
13. Provision of job opportunities
14. Division of agricultural lands among tenants.
Leadership has got central importance here; with proper planning and good government policies the problem can be solved. All they need to do is to appoint competent and wall qualified economists to help them tackle this issue and obviously their sincerity for its solution cannot be ignored as well. A country economy is the backbone of its country with its solution when it is saved many problems will automatically. Alone leadership is not enough for its solution. People of Pakistan have too got responsibility with equal share. People need to cooperate fully with government and should be sincere with their own country and put all their energies for eradication of poverty.
3. Unemployment
The foremost problem world is facing today is unemployment. The ratio of unemployment is increasing rapidly due to lack of sources and when unemployment takes place so many crimes are automatically be created. Pakistan the Asian country has plenty of problems in these days and unemployment is one of those. Unemployment is caused numerous problems for its people. Pakistan has countless natural resources but problem is that resources are being wasted since the independence of Pakistan in 1947. You may find many graduated masters IT experts, engineers and doctors wondering about for job opportunities due to bad employment system. The people of Pakistan are considered highly talented and hardworking in the world and there is no value of talent in Pakistan therefore it is the reason many of engineers, doctors, Scientifics, technicians and accountants travel in foreign countries for earn their livelihood.
Causes of Unemployment in Pakistan:
Growth of Population:
Poor Education System:
Violence and Terror Activities:
Energy Crisis:
Energy Crisis:
Afghan Refugees:
Solution of Unemployment in Pakistan:
- The first thing to do to reduce unemployment in Pakistan is the proper planning by the government of Pakistan.
- The education system of Pakistan should be equal and well managed.
- Well recognized training and technical institutions are need to be established where skills programs are offered.
- The age of retirement should be at least 55 years.
- Remove energy crisis so that investor comes to Pakistan thus job placement will automatically be created.
- There should be peace across the country so foreigners will not hesitate to invest in Pakistan.
- The agriculture sector should be developed.
- Jobs should be given purely on merits.
- Encourage multinational companies to business in Pakistan.
- Family planning centers should be opened to control the flow of over population.
- Illiteracy
4. Illiteracy
INTRODUCTION:
Are those equal, those who know and those who don’t know.”
It is now a universally recognized fact that mass education is a pre-requisite for the development and prosperity of a country. The main priority of the developing countries, in recent years has been to foster the development and renewal of primary education and to eliminate illiteracy. Pakistan, unfortunately, like the other under developed countries, has made little progress in this aspect. Since independence, she continues to remain in the group of countries with the lowest literacy rate.
Half of the world’s illiterate and 22 percent of the world’s population live in South Asia. Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost attained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study done by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level.
For an Adult, illiteracy means primitive manual labour in agriculture and industry, uncertain employment opportunities and low wages, life-long miserable living conditions, and humiliating dependence on the literates of the community for the day-to-day civic and business interactions and deprivation in all walks of life. For adults illiteracy also means exclusion from most of economic, social and cultural activities.
Illiteracy is a small pane in a large window, opening into the world of knowledge based on reading and writing as one of the earliest cultural activities of mankind. Mankind’s civilization, and its accumulation, sharing and transmission of knowledge over the centuries has been made possible by written and readable words. Every Muslim knows that the first command revealed by Allah to the Holy Prophet of Islam Muhammad (PBUH) was ‘READ’.
Literacy, over the centuries, has become the lever of human progress and the leveler of social and economic conditions. It is a basic human need, and human right to knowledge. Illiteracy is brake on human development, and maps of illiteracy – poverty, underdevelopment, social discrimination and disease are always co-incident. It is a challenge to human dignity and imposes a second-class status on a person in all societies. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and freedom.
The picture of illiteracy in Pakistan is grim. Although successive governments have announced various programmes to promote literacy, especially among women, but they have been unable to translate their words into actions because of various political, social and cultural obstacles. Access to basic education is the right of every individual. Education is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historical biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nation’s shared interpretation of history and cultural values are reproduced across generations. At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to productive and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers immense opportunities and challenges, and only those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills.
There are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which merely 40,000 cater to girls. According to UNICEF, 17.6 per cent of Pakistani children are working and supporting their families.
MEANING OF ILLITERACY:
For the Out-of-school Children, illiteracy means forced labour, vagrancy, sickness and slavery.
For Women, literacy is a survival kit and symbol of status. It means emancipation, participation in the decision making of the family and equality.
. IMPORTANCE OF LITERACY:
4. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LITERACY STATUS:
The literacy status of a country is determined by the following parameters:
I. The existing level of literacy.
II. The rate on increment of new literates.
III. The volume of the education system’s output.
IV. The demographic factors engage structure, mortality and birth rate.
V. The last but not the least is the percentage of budget engaged for the education.
5. RAISING THE LITERACY RATE:
Countries have succeeded in raising their literacy rates by taking the following steps:
I. Universalization of primary education.
II. Providing non-formal primary education facilities for out of school youth and dropouts.
III. Launching countrywide programmes for adults backed by political leadership.
IV. Broad involvement of various social groups, institutions, public and voluntary organizations etc.
6. ILLITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN:
7. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN:
1) Half-hearted planning and management of literacy and continuing education.
2) Limited budget.
3) Lack of reliable statistics and research researchers.
4) Weak community participation.
5) Lack of multimedia material.
6) Lack of special skilled textbook writers.
7) Poor follow up of programmes.
8) In-service teachers do not take such work seriously.
9) Dependence on foreign aid.
10) Dropout rate is high.
11) Over-crowded classrooms.
12) Panacea of private sector.
13) Outdated curriculum.
14) Problems of higher education; brain drain etc.
15) Corruption.
16) Rote learning.
17) Unfair examinations.
18) Lack of adequate facilities such as clean water, electricity etc. in the rural schools.
8. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY:
1) Over-population.
2) Low-GDP and per capita income.
3) Increase unskilled labour.
4) Infant mortality and maternal mortality.
5) Political instability.
6) Poor use of natural resources.
7) Heavy international debts.
8) Child labour.
9) Poor international image.
10) Low per acre agriculture yield.
11) Halting industrial growth and less trade activities.
9. Solutions:
- Budget for education should be increased
- Schools should be provided in every village of Pakistan
- Available schools should be utilized for education only
- Education should be free for all upto University
- Education should be compulsory for all upto 12th Standard
- Salaries of teachers should be increased so that people can join this profession easily
5. Corruption
The simplest definition is:
Corruption is the misuse of public power (by elected politician or appointed civil servant) for private gain.
In order to ensure that not ony public corruption but also private corruption between individuals and businesses could be covered by the same simple definition:
Corruption is the misuse of entrusted power (by heritage, education, marriage, election, appointment or whatever else) for private gain.
This broader definition covers not only the politician and the public servant, but also the CEO and CFO of a company, the notary public, the teamleader at a workplace, the administrator or admissions-officer to a private school or hospital, the coach of a soccerteam, etcetera.
A much more difficult, scientific definition for the concept ‘corruption’ was developed by profesor (emeritus) dr. Petrus van Duyne:
Discussion of corruption is extremely difficult as it is a hidden phenomenon in our societies. Both parties in exchange of power for privileges want to keep their transaction secret. That makes it so difficult to establish how wide and deep corruption penetrated our economy and social life. Moreover, what for some is no more than ‘a friendly turn’ is for others ‘misbehaviour’. What in one place can be friendliness is unacceptable elsewhere. Normal behaviour at a particular hour of the day may be unacceptable at another hour.
Let us have a look into some of the characteristics.
a) Recipients and payers.
b) Extortion.
c) Lubricant of society.
e) Poverty reduction.
f) Small is beautiful.
g) Culture.
h) ‘Kindness among friends’
Fighting corruption takes place in many ‘theaters’:
- political reforms, including the financing of political parties and elections;
- economic reforms, regulating markets and the financial sector;
- financial controls: budget, bookkeeping, reporting;
- Public supervision: media, parliament, local administrators and councils, registration;
- free access to information and data;
- maintaining law and order;
- improving and strengthening of the judicial system;
- institutional reforms: Tax systems, customs, public administration in general;
- whistleblowers and civil society organisations NGO
Corruption is an improbity or decay in the decision-making process in which a decision-maker consents to deviate or demands deviation from the criterion which should rule his or her decision-making, in exchange for a reward or for the promise or expectation of a reward, while these motives influencing his or her decision-making cannot be part of the justification of the decision.
Characteristics of Corruption
d) An ethical problem.
Causes
- poor accountability mechanism
- feeble judiciary
- poor ethical standards set by politicians
- absence of rule of law
- poor economic conditions: law per capita income, poverty, slow economic growth
- corruption inducing social values: lack of encouragement for integrity, media only depicts rich people, large family size
Effects
- breads bad governance
- hampers economy growth
- adds misery to common man's
- increases dependence on foreign aid
- enhancement debts burden
- retards political evolution
- tarnishes the image of Pak
- discourses the inflow of FDI
- encouragement foreign private investment
- strengthening NAB
Remedies HOW TO CONTROL IT:
- tax collection machinery very strong
- role model by parliamentarians
- encourage filing tax returns
- security for tax machinery
- register the underground economy
- a realistic and calculated tax amnesty scheme
- ineligibility of electoral candidate
